1. Abbasi‐Shavazi M. J, Morgan S. Ph, Hossein‐Chavoshi M, McDonald P. Family change and continuity in Iran: Birth control use before first pregnancy. Journal of Marriage and Family 2009; 71:1309-1324 [
DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00670.x]
2. The Statistical Centre of Iran. Descending slope of the total fertility rate of Iran 2017 to 2019, The Statistical Centre of Iran 2019; access in 13/2/2022 at: https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/News/1399/khabar%20barvari.pdf [Persian]
3. Aghayari Hir T, Farokhi Nekarestan M, Sedighe S, Mojreh L. Childbearing as Risk: (Qualitative Study of Milieu for Bearing Few Children in Tabriz City), Womens Strategic Studies 2016; 19:7-33 [Persian]
4. Goldstein J, Lutz W, Testa M. R. The emergence of sub-replacement family size ideals in Europe. Population research and policy review 2003; 22:479-496 [
DOI:10.1023/B:POPU.0000020962.80895.4a]
5. Testa M. R, Grilli L. The influence of childbearing regional contexts on ideal family size in Europe. Population 2006; 61:99-127 [
DOI:10.3917/pope.601.0099]
6. Mills M, Mencarini L, Tanturri M. L, Begall K. Gender equity and fertility intentions in Italy and the Netherlands. Demographic research 2008; 18:1-26. [
DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2008.18.1]
7. Régnier-Loilier, A., Vignoli, D., & Dutreuilh, C. Fertility intentions and obstacles to their realization in France and Italy. Population 2011; 66: 361-389 [
DOI:10.3917/pope.1102.0361]
8. Régnier-Loilier A, Solaz A. La décision d'avoir un enfant: une liberté sous contraintes. Revue des politiques sociales et familiales 2010; 100:61-77 [
DOI:10.3406/caf.2010.2526]
9. Hosseini H, Bagi B. Socioeconomic, cultural and demographic determinants of childbearing desires among married women attending health centers in Hamedan (2012), Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences 2014; 18:35-43 [Persian]
10. Shojaei J, Erfani A. Trends and Patterns of One-child Families in Iran. Social Sciences 2012; 26:89-105 [Persian]
11. Kgalajabadi Farahani F, Saraei H. Exploration of underlying factors for single child intention and behavior in Tehran; a Qualitative Study. Women's Strategic Studies 2016; 18:29-58 [Persian]
12. Razeghi Nasrabad H. B, Abbasi Shavazi M. J, Hosseini Chavoshi M. Level, Trend and Pattern of childlessness in Iran. 2013; access in 20/2/2022 at: https://iussp.org/sites/default/files/event_call_for_papers/Childlessness%20in%20Iran%20-%20draft.pdf.
13. Schoen R, Astone NM, Kim YJ, Nathanson CA, Fields JM. Do fertility intentions affect fertility behavior? Journal of Marriage and the Family 1999; 1:790-9 [
DOI:10.2307/353578]
14. Khalajabadi Farahani F. Role of Gender Beliefs and Gender Division of Domestic Labor in Fertility Preferences and Intentions among Men and Women in Tehran. Population Studies 2017; 3:95-129 [Persian]
15. Abbasi-Shavazi M. J, McDonald P, Hossein Chavoshi M. Changes in family, fertility behavior and attitudes in Iran. Working paper in Demography: 88, Canberra: ANU 2003; access in 13/2/2022 at: https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/41501.
16. Askari Nodoushan A, Abbasi Shavazi M. J, Sadeghi R. Mothers, Daughters, and Marriage (Intergenerational Differences in Marriage Attitudes in the City of Yazd, Iran). Women's Strategic Studies 2009; 11:7-36 [Persian]
17. Larsen U. Childlessness, subfertility, and infertility in Tanzania. Studies in Family Planning 1996; 27:18-28 [
DOI:10.2307/2138074]
18. Hara T. Increasing Childlessness in Germany and Japan: Toward a Childless Society? International Journal of Japanese Sociology 2008; 17:42-62 [
DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6781.2008.00110.x]
19. Iwasawa M. Partnership transition in contemporary Japan: Prevalence of childless non-cohabiting couples. The Japanese Journal of Population 2004; 2:76-92
20. Merlo R, Rowland D. T. The prevalence of childlessness in Australia. People and Place 2000; 8:21-32
21. Miettinen A, Szalma I. Childlessness intentions and ideals in Europe. Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 2014; 49:31-55. [
DOI:10.23979/fypr.48419]
22. Sobotka T, Testa M. R. Attitudes and intentions toward childlessness in Europe. In People, population change and policies. 1st EditionSpringer: UK, 2008
23. Mobasheri M, alidosti M, sorshajani S, Shosravi F, Khalafian P, Jalilian M. Determination of the Most Important Factors Influencing the Fertility Patterns of Single Child and Without Child Families in Shahr-e-kord City in 2013. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences 2013; 21:63-70 [Persian]
24. Razavizadeh N, Ghafarian E, Akhlaqi A. Grounds for Low Child Seeking and Delay in Child Bearing (Case Study: Mashhad Women). Strategy for Culture 2015 8:73-98 [Persian]
25. Ritchey P. N, Stokes C. S. Correlates of childlessness and expectations to remain childless: US 1967. Social Forces 1974; 52:349-356 [
DOI:10.2307/2576890]
26. Keizer R, Dykstra P. A, Jansen M. D. Pathways into childlessness: Evidence of gendered life course dynamics. Journal of Biosocial Science 2008; 40:863-878 [
DOI:10.1017/S0021932007002660]
27. Noordhuizen S, de Graaf P, Sieben I. The Public Acceptance of Voluntary Childlessness in the Netherlands: from 20 to 90 per cent in 30 years. Social Indicators Research 2010; 99:163-181 [
DOI:10.1007/s11205-010-9574-y]
28. Majumdar D. Choosing childlessness: Intentions of voluntary childlessness in the United States. Michigan Sociological Review 2004; 18:108-35.
29. Hosseini H, Bagi B. Study of fertility desires of Kurdish women in city of Mahabad. Women's Strategic Studies 2013; 15:121-161 [Persian]
30. Sadeghi R, Abbassi Shavazi M. J, Farash N. Ethnicity, Ethnocentrism and Fertility: The Study of the Effects of Ethnocentrism on Fertility Intention and behavior among Kurdish and Turkish Women in Maku City. Journal of Iranian Social Studies 2018; 12:80-101 [Persian]
31. Abbasi Shavazi M. J, Khani S. marriage patterns, ethnicity and religion: case study of married women in Ghorveh district. Journal of population association of Iran 2009; 4:35-66 [Persian]
32. Abbasi Shavazi M. J, Sadeghi R. Ethnicity and fertility: an analysis of fertility behavior of ethnic groups in Iran. Nameh-ye olum-e ejtemai 2006; 29:29-58 [Persian]
33. The Statistical Centre of Iran. Total fertility rate during 2012-2016. 2016; access in 13/2/2022 at: https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/News/1396/1_barvari.pdf [Persian]
34. Fathi E. A perspective on fertility in Iran during 2016-2019, The Statistical Centre of Iran 2020; access in 13/2/2022 at: https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/News/1399/fertility.pdf [Persian]
35. Kgalajabadi Farahani F, Saraei H. Single child intention and its determinants among men and women with a child under 5 years old. 2014. access in 22/2/2022 at: https://www.sid.ir/Fa/Seminar/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=74969 [Persian]
36. Hosseini H, Askari Nodoushan A, Moradi N. A Comparative Study of Childbearing Desires of Shia and Sunni Kurdish Women in Rural Areas of Kamyaran. Journal of Woman and Family Studies 2016; 4:63-84 [Persian]
37. Hakim C. A new approach to explaining fertility patterns: Preference theory. Population and Development Review 2002; 29:349-373 [
DOI:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2003.00349.x]
38. Abma J. C, Martinez G. M. Childlessness among older women in the United States: Trends and profiles. Journal of Marriage and Family 2006; 68:1045-1056 [
DOI:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00312.x]
39. Tanturri M. L, Mencarin L. Childless or childfree? Paths to voluntary childlessness in Italy. Population and Development Review 2008; 34:51-77. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2008.00205.x]
40. DeOllos I. Y, Kapinus C. A. Aging childless individuals and couples: Suggestions for new directions in research. Sociological Inquiry 2002; 72:72-80 [
DOI:10.1111/1475-682X.00006]
41. Nahar P, Geest S. How Women in Bangladesh Confront the Stigma of Childlessness: Agency, Resilience, and Resistance. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 2014; 28:381-398. [
DOI:10.1111/maq.12094]
42. Testa M. R, Basten S. Certainty of meeting fertility intentions declines in Europe during the 'Great Recession'. Demographic Research 2014; 31:687-734 [
DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2014.31.23]
43. Miettinen A. Voluntary or involuntary childlessness? Socio-demographic factors and childlessness intentions among childless Finnish men and women aged 25-44. Yearbook of Population Research 2010; access in 13/2/2022 at: [
DOI:10.23979/fypr.45051]
44. Weston R, Qu L. Men's and women's reasons for not having children. Family Matters 2001; 58:10-15