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Objectives: To assess one-month drug compliance and some of the factors that influences it in a sample of diabetic patients.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out from April to September 2004. In this study, 256 diabetic patients in Shariati and imam Khomeini hospitals were assessed in terms of one-month drug compliance and their knowledge about diabetes, their attitude regarding drug usage, family support, drug accessibility and other factors that probably influence compliance.
Results: 221 patients (86.3%) had drug compliance levels of ≥90% during the month preceding the study. The associations between drug compliance and age, knowledge, patients’ attitude about controlling of diabetes and drug effectiveness were significant (P<0.001, P=0.017, P=0.04 and P=0.009 respectively). However, there was no significant association between drug compliance and drug accessibility, family support, education, and co morbidity and disease duration.
Conclusion: Higher compliance in those aged above 45 years is probably due to greater risk perception. Age, knowledge and attitude influence drug compliance and therefore patients under 45 years of age, should be regarded as target group for interventions to increase drug compliance.

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Objective(s): To determine relationships between self-efficacy and health beliefs among type2 diabetic patients.
Methods: A Health Belief Model (HBM).
Results: Diabetic patient’s self-efficacy and health beliefs level are about average. There is significant relation between these tow variables. Among demographic variables it seems that education level has maximal effect on almost of models elements also with self-efficacy. Most elements are interrelated and this relation is significant. But cues to action have not significant regression with perceived benefits and perceived barriers.
Conclusion: Significant relations between self-efficacy and health beliefs point out this fact that in order to patient self-care enhancement we need self-efficacy improvement via establishment of positive health beliefs. Health care professional due to continue communication with patients have specific position in positive health beliefs and self-efficacy. Results show that cues to action that indirectly related to health care personnel and Medias, have not adequate effects on enforcement of patients positive health beliefs. It is recommended more studies and measures in this field.
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Objective(s): Diabetes is one of the spread diseases that if uncontrolled it wills much complication. The need aside regimen diet correct and consumer drug doing exercise activity is third base cure and control diabetes.  The purpose of this study is determining knowledge، attitude and practice woman by type 2 diabetes about doing walk.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that carried out on 88 women with diabetics in institute Isfahan in years 2007. Data were collection with direct interview by using a researcher making questionnaire and checklist. Rate walking for shopping, exercise walking in leisure time et al on base minute and consider severity (light, intermediate and heavy) determine in a week and test Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and hemoglobin glycoside (HbA1c) patient determine by a unit laboratory. Finally data were analyzed by SPSS software and P<0.005 is level significant.
Results: Number of patient is 88 person by average 44.5±4.3 years and weight 69.3±6.2 (kg). Rate knowledge 51.1% of patient about correct and effective walking on well-being diabetes is poor, 38/6% intermediate and 10.3% good. Of aspect attitude about walking 54.5% intermediate, 28.4% good and 16.8% poor. 68.2% of patient practice is poor 21.6% intermediate and lonely 10.2% of patient has a good practice.
Mean day that patient walking in 2±1 days and rate minute spend for walking in a week is 96.21 minutes that 78/4%±10/9 this amount is a walking by severity light that don’t effect cure disease. Mean rate FBS patient is 181.4±45.3 mg/dl and hemoglobin glycoside (HbA1c) patient is 9.52%±0/76 percent. There was significant different between knowledge and attitude (P<0.001) and between knowledge about correct walking attitude and practice walking increase. Between FBS and HbA1c by r=58 and P<0.01 different significant.
Conclusion: By increase knowledge patient ، attitude and practice their about walking better that important to prevention complication disease. Minutes that spend walking by severity intermediate and heavy that effective to expenditure energy and finally low weight and fat and control diabetic increase prepare physical that effective on HbA1c in woman by diabetic in our countries is very low. There for must education program patient for doing walking and other exercise in leisure time for control diabetes.

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Objective: To evaluate the relation between BMI, diabetes and thyroid diseases with osteoporosis.
Methods: From 3000 subjects referred to the densitometry centers of Gorgan, 300 subjects were selected via a systematic random sampling method. Individual characteristics, Diabetes (according to Symptoms and FBS results), Thyroid diseases (according to TSH and T4 level results) and densitometry results were collected from densitometry records. Data were analyzed by SPSS and chi square, ANOVA and simple linear regression tests. A p-value less than 0.05 considered as a significant.
Results: BMI mean was 28.14 kg/m2, lumbar and femoral BMD mean was 0.92and 0.77 respectively. BMI Mean ± SD in osteoporotic subjects in lumbar and femoral region was 25.94 ± 5.62 and 26.95 ± 5.20. Relation between BMI and osteoporosis in lumbar and femoral region was significant but relation between diabetes and thyroid diseases with osteoporosis in lumbar and femoral region was not significant. Simple linear regression results shows that BMI was statistically significant with osteoporosis in lumbar (B: 0.013) and femoral (B: 0.004) region.
Conclusion: Our finding revealed that underweight subjects are more susceptible to osteoporosis but this study could not detect any association between diabetes and thyroid disease with osteoporosis.

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Objective(s): A far-reaching body of the literature highlights that continuous performing of diabetes self-management behaviors is effective on diabetics. Nowadays among self-care behaviors, physical activity is the most important behavior that influences diabetes control. This study aimed to understand and predict physical activity behavior based on the extended theory of reasoned action among women with type 2 diabetes, in Khoy located in Western North of Iran.
Methods: An eligible sample of 352 women with type 2 diabetes, referring to a Diabetes Clinic and the Charity Foundation for Diabetes Disease participated in the study. Appropriate instruments were designed to measure the variables of interest (diabetes knowledge, personal beliefs, subjective norm, self-efficacy and behavioral intention along with physical activity behavior). Reliability and validity of the instruments were examined and approved. Statistical analyses of study were conducted by SPSS package.
Results: The findings of investigation indicated that there exists a statistical significant correlation among independent constructs of proposed model with Model-related dependent variables, as among constructs of model, self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of intentions among women with type 2 diabetes. This construct both directly and indirectly affected physical activity behavior. In addition to self efficacy, diabetics' physical activity also is influenced by other variables of model and sociodemographic factors.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest the high ability of the extended theory of reasoned action with self-efficacy in forecasting and explaining physical activity can be a base for educational intervention. Thus, for improving diabetics' physical activity behavior and finally controlling the disease, using educational interventions based on proposed model are necessary.

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Objective (s): To determine economics cost of diabetes in type II diabetic patients under the cover of Naderkazemi clinic in Shiraz in the first half of 2008.
Methods: this study is an applicable one and the way of study is descriptive-analytic.the study society includes type II diabetic patients that referred to Naderkazemi clinic and made file. in this study among the 4900 files related to type II diabetic patient, at first, in the pilot study,30 files chosen by the way of systematic sampling and examined. standard deviation these files was ±/38.that in respect to received standard deviation,220 files were chosen as samples that eventually with the help of statistics advisor,288 file were chosen as samples and were studied in a systematic way. the needed information in this study were gathered from observing the existing information in patient´s files, interviewing with personnel and manager and also from existing information and ducuments in provision, accounting and personnel departments. results were classified as charts and graphs and were expressed descriptively.
Results: in this study, total economic costs of type II diabetes calculated 37942315040 Rials (4079818.8 $), that medical direct costs and indirect costs share was 3994348680(429499.9 $) and 33947966360(3650319 $) Rials, respectively. Medical direct and indirect costs of diabetes in a type II diabetic patient in first half of 1387 was 815173/2(87.65 $) and 6928156/4(744.96 $) Rials respectively, and altogether was 7743329/6 Rials (832.61 $).
Conclusion: Economic cost of type II diabetes is very high and complications of this disease can important influence on patient and their family. Be cause of restricting resources of medical-health in society, diabetes is one of medical-health priority in our country and should have large actions to reducing costs and complications of this disease.
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Objective (s): Chronic character of diabet and complications decreases quality of life. According to Chronic character of illness use of suitable follow up is necessary .Thus. This study was designed to investigate the Effect of Nurse-led Telephone Follow up )Telenursing( on Quality of life among diabetic patients.
Methods: In This quasi experimental study seventy diabetic patients selected with convenience sampling method .Data gathering instruments included a questionnaire for demographic variable and SF36 questionnaire for measurement Quality of life. Data gathered at baselin and 12 weeks after the intervention. Participants randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Telephone follow ups were applied in experiment group for 3 months; data were analized with SPSS software.
Results: Results showed that there was no significant difference in demographic variable and quality of life dimension between two group before intervention , but there was a significant difference between the two groups after the intervention in terms of scores quality of life in physical health)P<0.001( and emotional health )P=0.009( .Based on the results of applied paired t-test, there was a significant difference before and after the intervention in the case group in terms of their mean quality of life.
Conclusion: According to the result Nurse-led Telephone Follow up )Telenursing ) has
Been highly effective on the diabetic patients' quality of life and we suggest this method to be applied on wider range in this patient and other chronic diseases.

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Objective (s): Diabetes is the third leading cause of death due to illness. During illness, periods of hospitalization, medical expenses, social status and psychological damage, stress that impairs a person's life are Can affect the quality of sleep, the study compared the sleep patterns of patients with type 1 diabetes and no diabetic subjects was designed.
Methods: In this study - a comparison, 180 patients were enrolled. Group of 90 patients referred to the Diabetes Association Shahrecord that was randomly enrolled. The control group of 90 no diabetic subjects and were matched with cases. Data from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory and the Beck depression questionnaire were collected. Results of statistical software for analysis and statistical tests SPSS15 Man Whitney, Chi-square and T student was used.
Results: The results showed that most (70%) patient's relatively good quality sleeps and greater percentage (79%) In the healthy group had a good sleep quality, sleep quality, the Mann-Whitney test for two groups showed a statistically significant (P>0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results, sleep problems more common in diabetic patients is necessary to create appropriate solutions to improve patient treatment and education affecting their quality of sleep is recommended.

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Objective (s): The effect of Ramadan fasting on diabetes control is not clear yet. Some lifestyle changes like changes in drug dose and time, sleep wake cycle, physical activity and diet occur in Ramadan and can lead to metabolic imbalances. As such some studies have shown increased risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. So, it is necessary to make decision based on scientific evidences about safety and allowing fasting in a wide variety of patients on different stages of metabolic control. Moreover, appropriate changes in drug prescription should be recognized and used. In this review the results of various studies regarding the effects of Ramadan fasting on metabolic control of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus have been summarized and provided.
Method: Keywords including "Ramadan", "Ramadan Fasting", "Islamic Fasting", Fasting in Ramadan ", Calorie Restriction, Fasting and Starvation with words Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Ketoacidosis, Glucose were searched via PubMed, SID (Scientific Information Database), and some regional journals and all articles (descriptive cross - sectional, cohort, clinical trial and review articles) from 1957 to 2010. The relevant articles were reviewed.
Results: In all 86 papers were included in this review. In diabetic patients safety of Ramadan fasting is defined as blood glucose in normal range. In type 2 diabetics with no chronic complication and able to self care, with proper training, planning the time and dose of drug, controlling of diet and physical activity and regular monitoring of blood glucose, fasting is allowed. In type 1 diabetics or insulin users, fasting should be allowed with caution, because, they are more at risk of hypoglycemia.  
Conclusion: Diabetic patients who wish to fast in Ramadan need to care about time, type and dose of their medications.

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Objective (s): Studies have shown that environment has a meaningful effect on quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes. One of the important environmental factors is place of living. This study conducted to estimates health related quality of life of diabetic patients based on their place of living.
Methods: This study was a secondary data analysis. We used data from a national cross sectional study conducted in 2006 using random cluster sampling. Data were collected by face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. We analyzed s data on health related quality of life (HRQoL) by gender and patient’s residency. Mean values of HRQoL were calculated for each province and then compared with other provinces by statistical tests including ANOVA and distance based classifying methods.
Results: Comparison of mean values showed that HRQoL were highest in the Qom, Semnan and Gilan, and were lowest in Kerman, Yazd and Ardabil, respectively. HRQoL was significantly differed between provinces at 0.05 levels.
Conclusion: The findings confirm the meaningful differences in HRQoL among diabetic patients living in different provinces. It remains to investigate about such observations. This might help to implement a better care for this population living in different places.

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Objective (s): Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic syndromes with debilitating complication, and chronic course. Chronic complications of diabetes and its potential costs are often causing of financial loss and decrease of quality of life. This study aimed to assess quality of life and its dimensions in patients with type II diabetes.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 224 patients with Type II diabetes referred to the Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute of Iran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected on demographic and quality of life including information on 5 dimensions (physical, psychological, social, economic and disease and treatment).
Results: The results showed that the physical quality of life in 53.3 percent of sample was more than average score. Also 63.4% of the patients scored higher than mean score on psychological dimension. This figure for social, economic and disease and treatment related dimensions were 65.4%, 51.8% and 51.4% respectively. Quality of life significantly was associated with age, gender, educational level, economic status and complications.
Conclusion: The findings confirmed that quality of life in diabetic patients was associated with demographic factors. Indeed in order to better manage patients subgroup of patients should be considered.
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Methods: This was a two-phase study that was conducted during 2009 to 2011 in Tehran, Iran. First, an item pool was  prepared according to the literature, focus group  discussions, and expert panel. In the quantitative part of the study; content, face and construct validity using factor analysis (both exploratory and confirmatory) were performed and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) was determined for assessing the psychometric properties of the scale.
Results: A 21-item questionnaire was developed through the qualitative phase. In face and content validity process 3 items were dropped. Exploratory factor analysis loaded 17 items with a five-factor solution (nutrition, physical activity, self monitoring of blood glucose, foot care and smoking) that jointly accounted for 67.4% of observed variance. The confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to the data. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient indicated a good consistency (α=0.85), and test-retest of the scale with 2-weeks interval confirmed appropriate stability for the scale (ICC=0.81).
Conclusion: The findings showed the designed questionnaire can assess the self-efficacy for self-care in middle-aged (30-60 years old) patients with type II diabetes. It is a short and easy to use questionnaire and contains the 5 most important diabetes related behaviors which need self-efficacy for self-care.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of treatment with insulin analog Novomix30 in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes using the results of the A1chieve study.
Methods: The A1chieve study was a 24 week, open-label, multicenter, observational study of people with type 2 diabetes. The study was conducted in 28 countries across four continents on 66,726 people with type 2 diabetes, both insulin users and non-insulin users, to assess the safety and efficacy of Novomix30. This article reports the results of 919 Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin Novomix30.
Results: After 24 weeks treatment with Novomix30, HbA1c reduced significantly (P<0.001). Despite a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar and postprandial sugars, the incidence of severe and nocturnal hypoglycemia was significantly decreased in prior insulin users. The mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly and the quality of life improved in all patients.
Conclusion: Insulin Novomix30 was well tolerated despite good glycemic control and the incidence of hypoglycemia was not increased in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes.
 

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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of treatment with insulin analog Novomix30 in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes using the results of the A1chieve study.
Methods: The A1chieve study was a 24 week, open-label, multicenter, observational study of people with type 2 diabetes. The study was conducted in 28 countries across four continents on 66,726 people with type 2 diabetes, both insulin users and non-insulin users, to assess the safety and efficacy of Novomix30. This article reports the results of 919 Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin Novomix30.
Results: After 24 weeks treatment with Novomix30, HbA1c reduced significantly (P<0.001). Despite a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar and postprandial sugars, the incidence of severe and nocturnal hypoglycemia was significantly decreased in prior insulin users. The mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly and the quality of life improved in all patients.
Conclusion: Insulin Novomix30 was well tolerated despite good glycemic control and the incidence of hypoglycemia was not increased in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetes.
 

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Objective (s): Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can alter the inflammatory response in diabetic patients, which may enhance the benefits of aerobic training. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 8 weeks aerobic training with omega-3 supplementation on inflammatory and metabolic syndrome parameters in type 2 diabetic patients.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pretest–posttest design, thirty diabetic patients (aged 48.58±7.4 y) were randomly assigned to omega-3 supplementation only (2000 mg/d), omega-3 supplementation plus aerobic training or non-exercising control groups. Aerobic training program was performed 50-60 min/d, 3d/wk, for 2 months. Serum levels of CRP, TNF-α and IL-1, body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed before and after the training period.
Results: The data analysis showed that omega-3 supplementation in conjunction with aerobic training lead to greater improvements in adiposity indices (p=0.03), total cholesterol (p=0.03), and triglyceride (p=0.03). Inter-group comparison (among the 3 groups) showed that there were no significant differences with regard to CRP (p=0.27), TNF-α (p=0.15) and IL-1 (p=0.12).
Conclusion: The results suggest that aerobic training and omega-3 supplementation can have beneficial effects on metabolic indices over a two-month period. Based on the results a daily consumption of omega-3 and aerobic training is suggested for patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Objective (s): Health information seeking behavior describes how the individual search for and obtain health and medical information about health risks, diseases and illnesses, and health promotion activities. Understanding the patients' information seeking behavior can provide the medical and information specialists useful evidence in improving the patients' health.
Methods: A sample of 362 diabetic patients in Isfahan, Iran was studied. The SPSS version 20 , descriptive and analytic statistics are applied in analysis of this work. The Lngo’s health information seeking behavior questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive analysis was performed to explore the data.
Results: The findings indicatedthat most usable information sources by diabetic patients were physicians (3.12%), television (2.43%), family members (2.32%), news (2.01%), other health care providers (1.38%) and radio (1.19%). Help lines was not indicated as a source of information at all. Differences between passive information seeking (41.68) and active information seeking (39.20) considered statistically significant (p < 0.001 ).
Conclusion: Passive transition of health information on diabetes through most usable information sources seems to be the best way of making these patients alert.

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Objective (s): To compare gain- and loss-framed message texting (SMS) on foot self-care behaviors among women with type 2 diabetes referred to Ahwaz diabetic clinic.
Methods: This was a randomized trial of 189 women with type 2 diabetes who randomly assigned to three groups: two experimental groups and control group. Two experimental groups received gain- and loss-framed educational message of foot care behaviors via mobile phone short message service for 2 months while the control group received nothing. Data were collected through interviews using demographic and disease characteristics questionnaires and the summary of diabetes self-care activities measure. The data were analyzed using paired t-test, one way analysis of variance, and chi-square.
Results: At baseline there were no significant differences among study groups in disease characteristics, individual variables and the average score of foot care behaviors. After the intervention, a significant increase was observed in mean score of foot care in experimental groups (P=0.001). It was also found that the increase in loss-framed message group was significantly more than the gain-framed message group (P=0.01).
Conclusion: Designing and implementing educational programs based on mobile phone short message service could be effective. However, in comparison it seems that loss-framed message could be more effective than gain-framed message.

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Objective (s): The relationship between social capital and health is well establishes. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social capital and its related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study and conducted on 326 type 2 diabetes patients who referred to the Iranian Diabetes Society in 2016-2017. Data was collected by the Onyx and Bullen social capital questionnaire. This questionnaire has 36 items and 8 domains. The score range from 0 to 100. Data were analyzed by using statistical tests such as independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 55.33 (SD=11.32) years. The mean and (95% confidence interval) of the social capital score of participants was 45.72 (44.16-47.30). Among the eight domains of social capital, the highest mean score was related to the work connections domain 68.06 (63.90-72.22) and the lowest mean score was for the participation in the local communities domain 30.45 (27.97-32.93). The results of multiple regression model showed that gender had a significant association with trust and security where women had lower trust and security score than men (β=-7.88, P<0.001), also economic status had a significant and positive association with value of life domain and education with value of life, participation in the local communities, proactivity in a social context, family and friends connections and total social capital.
Conclusion: The findings indicated that women, patients with lower educational level and poor financial status due to low social capital were at greater risk of non-compliance of treatment and therefore the lack of favorable glucose control.

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Objective (s): Regular walking has a positive impact on diabetic patients’ health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of regular walking for 3 months on some glycemic indexes and blood pressure in women with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: 100 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned in 2 groups )regular walking group and the control group. The first group walked 3 months regularly for 30 minutes. The intensity of walking measured by Borg scale of perceived exertion. The control group had no regular walking regularly. Glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before and after the intervention. Covariance analysis method and paired t-test were used.
Results: There were no differences between two groups in the characteristics of patients including height, weight, age, and history of diabetes. Glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in regular walking group and fasting blood glucose and systolic blood pressure increased significantly in the control group )p≥0.05(. Comparison between two groups showed that changes in glycosylated hemoglobin )p < 0.0001), fasting blood glucose ) p= 0.001(, systolic and diastolic blood pressure )p <0.0001 between two groups was significant.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that regular walking can improve glycemic indices in type 2 diabetic patients.