Ethics code: IR.SAVEHUMS.REC.1401.016
1- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
2- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Student Research Committee, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
4- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
2- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Student Research Committee, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
4- Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Abstract: (35 Views)
Objective(s): Menopause is a natural process in women's lives that is accompanied by hormonal changes and the occurrence of numerous physical and psychological symptoms. These symptoms can affect quality of life, and their accurate identification is important for health and treatment planning. This study aimed to examine the manifestations of menopause and demographic factors related to it in women aged 45-65 years referring to comprehensive health centers.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 women aged 45-65 years who attended comprehensive health centers. Cluster random sampling was used, and the Menopause Manifestations Questionnaire (MenoSentations-Q) was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using an independent t-test, Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient and logistic regression in SPSS version 21.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 52.11 ± 6.19 years. Of these, 22.5% were premenopausal, 44.1% were menopausal, and 33.4% were postmenopausal. The analyses showed that there was a significant difference in the status of menopause at different levels of the variables of age, education level and body mass index. Also, different areas of the questionnaire were found to have a significant difference across different levels of variables such as age, body mass index, education, educational background and occupation. In addition, all areas of the questionnaire were significantly correlated with each other. The results of logistic regression also showed that there was a significant relationship between the status of menopause and the variables of age and education level, but the relationship between the status of menopause and the variable of educational background was at the border of significance (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The manifestation of menopause is associated with various demographic factors. Understanding these relationships can provide a basis for targeted health interventions and improve the quality of life of menopausal women
type of study: Descriptive |
Subject:
Reproductive Health
Received: 2025/04/13 | Accepted: 2025/09/21 | ePublished ahead of print: 2026/07/21
Received: 2025/04/13 | Accepted: 2025/09/21 | ePublished ahead of print: 2026/07/21
References
1. Sharma M, Kalra S, Vitamin D and Menopause. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2024;74:815-7 [DOI:10.47391/JPMA.24-27]
2. Grisotto G, Farago JS, Taneri PE, Wehrli F, Roa-Díaz ZM, Minder B, et al. Dietary factors and onset of natural menopause: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2022;159:15-32 [DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.12.008]
3. Ambikairajah A, Walsh E, Cherbuin N. A review of menopause nomenclature. Reproductive Health 2022;19:29 [DOI:10.1186/s12978-022-01336-7]
4. Opoku AA, Abushama M, Konje JC. Obesity and menopause. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2023;88:102348 [DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102348]
5. Afshari F, Bahri N, Sajjadi M, Mansoorian M, Tohidinik H. Menopause uncertainty: the impact of two educational interventions among women during menopausal transition and beyond. Menopause Review/Przegląd Menopauzalny 2020;19:18-24 [Persian] [DOI:10.5114/pm.2020.95305]
6. Duralde ER, Sobel TH, Manson JE. Management of perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms. British Medical Journal 2023;382:e072612 [DOI:10.1136/bmj-2022-072612]
7. El Khoudary SR. Age at menopause onset and risk of cardiovascular disease around the world. Maturitas 2020;141:33-8 [DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.06.007]
8. El Khoudary SR, Greendale G, Crawford SL, Avis NE, Brooks MM, Thurston RC, et al.. The menopause transition and women's health at midlife: a progress report from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Menopause 2019;26:1213-27 [DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000001424]
9. Gatenby C, Simpson P, Menopause: Physiology, definitions, and symptoms. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2024;38:101855 [DOI:10.1016/j.beem.2023.101855]
10. Prasad JB, Tyagi NK, Verma P. Age at menopause in India: A systematic review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 2021;15:373-7 [DOI:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.01.013]
11. Martins R, de Sousa B, Rodrigues V. The geography of the age at menopause in central Portugal since the early twentieth century. Scientific Reports 2022;12:22020 [DOI:10.1038/s41598-022-25475-w]
12. Refaei M, Mardanpour S, Masoumi SZ, Parsa P. Women's experiences in the transition to menopause: a qualitative research. BioMed Central Women's Health 2022;22:53 [Persian] [DOI:10.1186/s12905-022-01633-0]
13. Borzu ZA, Karimy M, Leitão M, Pimenta F, Albergaria R, Khoshnazar Z, et al.. Validation of the menopause representation questionnaire (MenoSentations-Q) among Iranian women and cross-cultural comparison with Portuguese women. BioMed Central Women's Health 2025;25:87 [DOI:10.1186/s12905-025-03606-5]
14. Ilankoon IMPS, Samarasinghe K, Elgán C. Menopause is a natural stage of aging: a qualitative study. BioMed Central Women's Health 2021;21:47 [DOI:10.1186/s12905-020-01164-6]
15. Ambikairajah A, Walsh E, Tabatabaei-Jafari H, Cherbuin N. Fat mass changes during menopause: a metaanalysis. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2019;221:393-409. e50 [DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.04.023]
16. Ambikairajah A, Tabatabaei-Jafari H, Hornberger M, Cherbuin N. Age, menstruation history and the brain. Menopause 2021;28:167-74 [DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000001688]
17. Carson MY, Thurston RC. Vasomotor symptoms and their links to cardiovascular disease risk. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research 2023;30:100448 [DOI:10.1016/j.coemr.2023.100448]
18. McCormick CA, Brennan A, Hickey M. Managing vasomotor symptoms effectively without hormones. Climacteric 2020;23:532-8 [DOI:10.1080/13697137.2020.1789093]
19. Khan SJ, Kapoor E, Faubion SS, Kling JM. Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopause: A Practical Guide on Current Treatments and Future Perspectives. International Journal of Women's Health 2023;15:273-87 [DOI:10.2147/IJWH.S365808]
20. Nappi RE, Kroll R, Siddiqui E, Stoykova B, Rea C, Gemmen E, et al.. Global cross-sectional survey of women with vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause: prevalence and quality of life burden. Menopause 2021;28:875-82 [DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000001793]
21. Dehghan M, Isari Z, Abbaszadeh MH, Ghonchehpour A. Menopause symptoms in women and its relation with using complementary and alternative medicines: A survey in southeast Iran. Frontiers in Public Health 2022;10:947061 [Persian] [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2022.947061]
22. Albergaria R, Leal I, Hunter M, Pimenta F. Menopause Representations Questionnaire: development and validation with Portuguese women. Climacteric 2021;24:275-81 [DOI:10.1080/13697137.2021.1873937]
23. Arinkan SA, Gunacti M. Factors influencing age at natural menopause. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2021;47:913-20 [DOI:10.1111/jog.14614]
24. Appiah D, Nwabuo CC, Ebong IA, Wellons MF, Winters SJ. Trends in Age at Natural Menopause and Reproductive Life Span Among US Women, 1959-2018. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2021;325:1328-30 [DOI:10.1001/jama.2021.0278]
25. Kutenaee MA, Dashti S, Rafati S, Moannaei M, Masoudi M, Nejatizadeh A, et al. Factors predicting age at menopause among Iranian women in the Bandare-Kong cohort study (a cross-sectional survey of PERSIAN cohort study). Women's Midlife Health 2023;9:5 [Persian] [DOI:10.1186/s40695-023-00088-z]
26. Vatankhah H, Khalili P, Vatanparast M, Ayoobi F, Esmaeili-Nadimi A, Jamali Z. Prevalence of early and late menopause and its determinants in Rafsanjan cohort study. Scientific Reports 2023;13:1847 [Persian] [DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-28526-y]
27. Dashti S, Bahri N, Fathi Najafi T, Amiridelui M, Latifnejad Roudsari R. Influencing factors on women's attitudes toward menopause: a systematic review. Menopause 2021;28:1192-200 [Persian] [DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000001833]
28. Peacock K, Carlson K, Ketvertis KM, Doerr C. Menopause (Nursing). StatPearls [Internet] 2023
29. Farahmand M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Rahmati M, Azizi F. Anthropometric Indices and Age at Natural Menopause: A 15-Year Follow-up Population-Based Study. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2021;19:e109285 [Persian] [DOI:10.5812/ijem.109285]
30. Palacios S, Chedraui P, Sánchez-Borrego R, Coronado P, Nappi RE. Obesity and menopause. Gynecological Endocrinology 2024;40:2312885 [DOI:10.1080/09513590.2024.2312885]
31. Ahmady F, Niknami M. Quality of sleep in women with menopause and its related factors. Sleep Science 2022;15:209-14 [Persian] [DOI:10.5935/1984-0063.20220021]
32. Tao X, Jiang A, Yin L, Li Y, Tao F, Hu H. Body mass index and age at natural menopause: a meta-analysis. Menopause 2015;22:469-74 [DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000000324]
33. Li Y, Zhao D, Wang M, Sun J-y, Liu J, Qi Y, et al.. Association between body mass index, waist circumference, and age at natural menopause: a population-based cohort study in Chinese women. Women & Health 2021;61:902-13 [DOI:10.1080/03630242.2021.1992066]
34. Zhang L, Ruan X, Cui Y, Gu M, Mueck AO. Menopausal Symptoms and Associated Social and Environmental Factors in Midlife Chinese Women. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2020;15:2195-208 [DOI:10.2147/CIA.S278976]
35. El Hajj A, Wardy N, Haidar S, Bourgi D, Haddad ME, Chammas DE, et al. Menopausal symptoms, physical activity level and quality of life of women living in the Mediterranean region. Public Library of Science One 2020;15:e0230515 [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0230515]
36. Augoulea A, Moros M, Kokras N, Karageorgiou V, Paschou S, Lymberi R, et al.. Association of menopausal symptoms with sociodemographic factors and personality traits. Menopause Review/Przegląd Menopauzalny 2019;18:191-7 [DOI:10.5114/pm.2019.93117]
37. Lee P-S, Lee C-L. Prevalence of symptoms and associated factors across menopause status in Taiwanese women. Menopause 2021;28:182-8 [DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000001662]
38. Huang Z, Shi J, Liu W, Wei S, Zhang Z. The influence of educational level in peri-menopause syndrome and quality of life among Chinese women. Gynecological Endocrinology 2020;36:991-6 [DOI:10.1080/09513590.2020.1781081]
39. Nazarpour S, Simbar M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Alavi Majd H. Factors associated with quality of life of postmenopausal women living in Iran. BioMed Central Women's Health 2020;20:104 [Persian] [DOI:10.1186/s12905-020-00960-4]
40. Shahzad D, Thakur AA, Kidwai S, Shaikh HO, AlSuwaidi AO, AlOtaibi AF, et al. Women's knowledge and awareness on menopause symptoms and its treatment options remains inadequate: a report from the United Arab Emirates. Menopause 2021;28:918-27 [DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000001783]
41. Alshogran OY, Mahmoud FM, Alkhatatbeh MJ. Knowledge and awareness toward menopause and hormone therapy among premenopausal women in Jordan. Climacteric 2021;24:171-8 [DOI:10.1080/13697137.2020.1813099]
42. Ayenew A, Yechale M, Nigussie A, Ayalew N. Women's Knowledge of Concept of Menopause, Severity, and Climacteric Stage Among Women in Middle Age in Northwest Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study 2021;28:918-27 [DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-638981/v1]
43. Koyuncu T, Unsal A, Arslantas D. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Health Education on Menopause Symptoms and Knowledge and Attitude in Terms of Menopause. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health 2018;8:8-12 [DOI:10.2991/j.jegh.2018.08.103]
44. Keye C, Varley J, Patton D. The impact of menopause education on quality of life among menopausal women: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Climacteric 2023;26:419-27 [DOI:10.1080/13697137.2023.2226318]
45. Shobeiri F, Jenabi E, Khatiban M, Hazavehei SMM, Roshanaei G. The Effect of Educational Program on Quality of Life in Menopausal Women: A Clinical Trial. Journal of Menopausal Medicine 2017;23:91-5 [Persian] [DOI:10.6118/jmm.2017.23.2.91]
46. Gebretatyos H, Ghirmai L, Amanuel S, Gebreyohannes G, Tsighe Z, Tesfamariam EH. Effect of health education on knowledge and attitude of menopause among middle-age teachers. BioMed Central Women's Health 2020;20:232 [DOI:10.1186/s12905-020-01095-2]
47. Karimi L, Mokhtari Seghaleh M, Khalili R, Vahedian-Azimi A. The effect of self-care education program on the severity of menopause symptoms and marital satisfaction in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BioMed Central Women's Health 2022;22:71 [Persian] [DOI:10.1186/s12905-022-01653-w]
48. Li Y, He H, Wang J, Chen Y, Wang C, Li X, et al.. Effect of multidisciplinary health education based on lifestyle medicine on menopausal syndrome and lifestyle behaviors of menopausal women: a clinical controlled study. Frontiers In Public Health 2023;11:1119352 [DOI:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1119352]
49. Nazari M, Farmani S, Kaveh MH, Ghaem H. The effectiveness of lifestyle educational program in health promoting behaviors and menopausal symptoms in 45-60-year-old women in Marvdasht, Iran. Global Journal of Health Science 2016;8:55414 [Persian] [DOI:10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p34]
50. Orabi E, Effect of health education intervention on knowledge, and attitude regarding menopausal period among premenopausal female employees. The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine 2017;35:71-84 [DOI:10.21608/ejcm.2017.4100]
51. Ramadan E, Eldesokey A, Hassan H. Effect of an Educational Package on Knowledge, Practices, and Attitude of Premenopausal Women Regarding Sexuality. American Journal of Nursing Research 2020;8:495-505
52. Munn C, Vaughan L, Talaulikar V, Davies MC, Harper JC. Menopause knowledge and education in women under 40: Results from an online survey. Women's Health 2022;18:17455057221139660 [DOI:10.1177/17455057221139660]
53. Harper JC, Phillips S, Biswakarma R, Yasmin E, Saridogan E, Radhakrishnan S, et al. An online survey of perimenopausal women to determine their attitudes and knowledge of the menopause. Women's Health 2022;18:17455057221106890 [DOI:10.1177/17455057221106890]
54. Martelli M, Zingaretti L, Salvio G, Bracci M, Santarelli L. Influence of work on andropause and menopause: A systematic review. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health 2021;18:10074 [DOI:10.3390/ijerph181910074]
55. Verdonk P, Bendien E, Appelman Y. Menopause and work: A narrative literature review about menopause, work and health. Work 2022;72:483-96 [DOI:10.3233/WOR-205214]
56. Safwan N, Saadedine M, Shufelt CL, Kapoor E, Kling JM, Chaudhry R, et al. Menopause in the workplace: Challenges, impact, and next steps. Maturitas 2024;185:107983 [DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107983]
57. Vincent AJ, Johnston-Ataata K, Flore J, Kokanović R, Hickey M, Boyle JA, et al. A qualitative study of work and early menopause: 'On-the job' experiences and career trajectories. Maturitas 2024;182:107920 [DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107920]
58. Faubion SS, Enders F, Hedges MS, Chaudhry R, Kling JM, Shufelt CL, et al. Impact of Menopause Symptoms on Women in the Workplace. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2023;98:833-45 [DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.02.025]
59. O'Neill MT, Jones V, Reid A. Impact of menopausal symptoms on work and careers: a cross-sectional study. Occupational Medicine 2023;73:332-8 [DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqad078]
60. Evandrou M, Falkingham J, Qin M, Vlachantoni A. Menopausal transition and change in employment: Evidence from the National Child Development Study. Maturitas 2021;143:96-104 [DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.09.010]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and Permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |