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Objective(s): Road traffic crashes are the second highest cause of mortality in Iran and risky driving behaviors among Iranian drivers are evident. In this study, the views of taxi drivers about risky driving behaviors were extracted in order to recommend the effective interventions for modifying these behaviors.
Methods: This was a qualitative study carried out in Tehran, Iran. Forty-Two taxi drivers were invited to participate in four focus group discussions. Discutions on risky driving behaviors were tape recorded and were analyzed using a thematic approach.
Results: Data analysis showed five main themes: the role of taxi drivers in current driving situation in Tehran, drivers' reasons for committing risky driving behaviors, actions for modifying risky driving behaviors, suitable places for implementing the recommended interventions and the best channels for communicating and persuading taxi drivers. The participants believed that developing and communicating well-developed persuasive messages for increasing their concentration during driving and reminding the message content by taxi drivers' opinion leaders can affect their driving behaviors.
Conclusion: According to findings, a consumer-oriented planning model such as social marketing was recommended to modify the risky driving behaviors among taxi drivers in Tehran.

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Objective(s): To assess attitudes, self-reported and observational behaviors among taxi drivers, a large group of professional drivers, in Tehran, the capital of Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we selected two municipality district of Tehran which had the highest rate of traffic accidents among taxicabs. By using a questionnaire, we asked them about their attitudes and reports of their behaviors during driving and a checklist was used for observing their risky driving behaviors. Then, data were analysed in a descriptive fashion.
Results: We found that taxi drivers in Tehran had had desired attitudes toward not driving risky and had reported their driving behavior well and non- risky.There was a significant direct relationship between their attitudes and driving history. However, we found a reverse significant relationship between self-reported behaviors and literacy level. Risky driving behavior wrer different based on the time of observation. Using cell phone, tailgaiting and not moving between lines were three most common observed risky driving behaviors among taxi drivers.
Conclusion: Taxi drivers, as professional drivers have not desired behaviors regardless of their positive attitudes and self reports. Thus, we should design and implement the interventios based on their driving history, literacy level, common behaviors and even the time of driving.

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Objective (s): One of the main strategies for improving system performance is the total quality of management. This study aimed to assess the effect of an educational intervention on the application of TQM in a hospital ward.
Methods: This was a small scale study of a random sample of 20 nurses working in a hospital ward in Qazvin, Iran. Participants were asked to respond to a questionnaire on importance and application of the TQM dimensions at two pints in time: at baseline (before intervention) and after an educational intervention at three moths follow-up. Data were analyzed using the Paired-t test by SPSS software.
Results: There were significant differences on mean scores of the TQM application on several TQM damnations such as customer (patient) attention (P=0.035), staff participation (P=0.037), and patient-nurse communication (P=0.050) before and after intervention. However, there was no significant difference in TQM concept application before and after educational intervention (P=0.014).

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Objective (s): The purpose of this study was to test predictors of physical activity to prevent osteoporosis using an adapted form of the Health Belief Model in a sample of women.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study among women aged 30 years and over using a theory-based new instrument. In this methodological study, path analysis was used for testing predictors of a desired behavior (physical activity).
Results: In all 240 women wer entered into the study. The results obtained form path analysis indicated that the data was fit with the extended Health Belief Model (χ2/df= 2.54, P < 0.0001, CFI = 0.94, GFI = 0.96, and RMSEA = 0.07). As such results showed that the model explained 48% of variances observed. Cues to action, Self-efficacy, and Self-regulation had the greatest effect on the behavior studied.
Conclusion: The findings support the application of the extended Health Belief Model for prediciting a behavior change.